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		| Paper: | 
		Particle energization | 
	 
	
		| Volume: | 
		18, The Interpretation of Modern Synthesis Observations of Spiral Galaxies | 
	 
	
		| Page: | 
		1 | 
	 
	
		| Authors: | 
		Gisler, Galen | 
	 
	
	
		| Abstract: | 
		A first-principles approach to the physics of particle energization is presented. The general physics of particle acceleration is then applied to a number of the classical astrophysical mechanisms for accelerating particles, with references to recent literature where these are used in specific circumstances. The solar flare is recommended as a microcosm for studying particle acceleration because many different processes seem to be occurring in close proximity, and there is abundant high time resolution data for diagnosing those processes. Finally, a list of possible sites and mechanisms for particle acceleration in spiral galaxies is presented. | 
	 
	
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