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		| Paper: | 
		The Challenges of Observing, Calibrating, and Modeling Stellar Spectral Energy Distributions | 
	 
	
		| Volume: | 
		519, Radiative Signatures from the Cosmos | 
	 
	
		| Page: | 
		3 | 
	 
	
		| Authors: | 
		Prieto, C. A. | 
	 
	
	
		| Abstract: | 
		While optical and quantum efficiency are on the rise, and spectrographs becoming massively multiplexed, measuring  spectral energy distributions of astronomical sources with accuracy remains a challenge. In addition to atmospheric refraction, extinction, variability, and limited apertures of instrument entrance slits and optical fibers, accurate calibration is hampered by issues such as a limited choice of reliable standard stars. Modeling stellar spectral energy distributions has seen good progress, but some weaknesses survive, especially for late-type stars. This article provides an overview of these matters and discusses observation, calibration, and modeling strategies for future large spectroscopic surveys. | 
	 
	
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